Who Invented the Lightbulb

On October 21st, 1879, in one of the most famous scientific tests in history, Thomas Edison debuted his signature invention: a safe, affordable, and easily-reproducible incandescent lightbulb that burned for thirteen and a half hours. Bulbs tested following that lasted for 40 hours. Although Edison cannot fairly be credited as the sole inventor of the lightbulb, his final product—the result of years of collaboration and testing alongside other engineers—revolutionized the modern industrial economy. Below is a timeline of major milestones in the development of this world-changing invention. Inventor Timeline 1809 - Humphry Davy, an English chemist, invented the first electric light. Davy connected two wires to a battery and attached a charcoal strip between the other ends of the wires. The charged carbon glowed, making what became known as the first-ever Electric Arc Lamp. 1820 - Warren de la Rue enclosed a platinum coil in an evacuated tube and passed an electric current through it. His lamp design was worked but the cost of the precious metal platinum made this an impossible invention for wide-spread use. 1835 - James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated a constant electric lighting system using a prototype lightbulb. 1850 - Edward Shepard invented an electrical incandescent arc lamp using a charcoal filament. Joseph Wilson Swan started working with carbonized paper filaments the same year. 1854 - Heinrich Gà ¶bel, a German watchmaker, invented the first true lightbulb. He used a carbonized bamboo filament placed inside a glass bulb. 1875 - Herman Sprengel invented the mercury vacuum pump making it possible to develop a practical electric lightbulb. As de la Rue had discovered, by creating a vacuum inside the bulb an eliminating gasses, the light would cut down on blackening within the bulb and allow the filament to last longer.   1875 - Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans patented a light bulb. 1878 - Sir Joseph Wilson Swan (1828-1914), an English physicist, was the first person to invent a practical and longer-lasting electric lightbulb (13.5 hours). Swan used a carbon fiber filament derived from cotton. 1879 - Thomas Alva Edison invented a carbon filament that burned for forty hours. Edison placed his filament in an oxygen-less bulb. (Edison evolved his designs for the lightbulb based on the 1875 patent he purchased from inventors, Henry Woodward, and Matthew Evans.) by 1880 his bulbs lasted 600 hours  and were reliable enough to become a marketable enterprise.   1912  - Irving Langmuir developed argon and nitrogen-filled bulb, a tightly coiled filament and a hydrogel coating on the inside of the bulb, all of which improved the efficiency and durability of the bulb.

I Have A Good Writer - 949 Words

Throughout this past year, I have learned a lot about the world, statistics, and, perhaps most importantly, myself. I have learned that I love the world and I have statistics. One of the most important things I have learned this year is that I have potential. I have potential to be a good writer. I have always loved writing and reading. Maybe it is because my mother imprinted it upon my brother and myself to read a lot. Perhaps it is because I truly love the smell and feel of books, or the release you get from writing out what you have been keeping inside. Either way, I have loved writing and reading, and this year I truly learned what it means to be a writer. In previous years, there has always been an understanding between students and their teachers about writing. You, as the student, write EXACTLY what is expected of you and they, as the teacher, grade accordingly. In this class, Dual Enrollment, while there is a certain standard for your writing, one has the freedom to truly express what it is they want to say. So to have that freedom, and a teacher who does not caudle you with your work, one can really flourish and improve his or her writing skills. For example: in the previous sentence, I wrote, â€Å"†¦his or her†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , but originally I had written, â₠¬Å"†¦their†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; that was incorrect. In the beginning of the year, we were tasked with writing our first essay; a narrative. My narrative was about something that happened years ago that traumatized me. Being able to get out what hadShow MoreRelatedMy Strengths And Strengths Of My Weaknesses1162 Words   |  5 Pageshas to offer, however, the only way I made it out alive was to leave the writer I thought I was in the past. There are challenges along the way that tested my strengths and showed my weaknesses. Also, I was able to realize the type of writer I am and the writer that I am not. English 1101, teaches the elements of writing allowing studentto understand themselves as writers; with the hope that by the end of the semester the students will be stronger writers. I have reached the end of English 1101 andRead MoreThe Freedom Of Being A Writer961 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The writer must have a good imagination to begin with, but the imagination has to be muscular, which means it must be exercised in a disciplin ed way, day in and day out, by writing, failing, succeeding and revising, some great words from Stephen King, shows us the independence of being a writer with the many faults and achievements. These words mean something to a lot of people, which can lead them to a positive path to know that the great Stephen King, can mess up occasionally as well. The peopleRead MoreRevising a Paper1863 Words   |  7 Pagespaper’s perspective. At first, I thought revision was just fixing commas, grammar and spelling, but no, fixing minor errors like grammar, spelling and punctuation are called, proofreading. Proofreading is an important step before turning in a paper, but if the ideas are predictable, the thesis is weak, and the organization of the paper is a mess, then proofreading will just act like a band aid to cover the little scars on the paper. Writing is a process of discovery, and writers don’t always produce theRead More Writing Style Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesWriting Style I hear inner Strunk and White voices of â€Å"don’t overwrite†, â€Å"write in a way that comes naturally,† and so forth, going through my head. I have visions of endless Williams examples and illustrations on clarity. I see weeks of blog writings flashing through my memory. From all of this, I now own and believe in a firm and personal definition of what style is and what good writing entails. William Strunk and E.B. White’s book The Elements of Style, along with JosephRead MoreProcess Of Writing : Writing1232 Words   |  5 Pagesreply?† If you think about it, it’s true, and I believe most of us just listen to reply. Writing skills can never be separated from important skills such as quotation, citation, grammar and spelling. If a writer can establish those tools in combination with each other, then the writing process becomes easier than ever. The most important thing is that writing good takes time and effort. Writing its elf may sound easy thing to do, however, a good writer is someone who feels everything around him orRead MoreSports Journalism : Career Goals1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe tasks at hand faced daily by a writer, qualifications that need to be met, and opportunities with pursuing a career in sports journalism. I am focusing more on the job of a sports writer. A career in sports journalism would be a good career for me because sports are intriguing to me, I view this career as an achievable career, and the job fits my lifestyle. Per Shelly Field, sports writers can work for local newspapers, large publishers, or magazines. The writer is given a certain topic to writeRead More The Character of the Hitchhiker in The Hitchhiker by Roald Dahl1182 Words   |  5 Pagesthat involves an interesting character. The writer makes this character very realistic. When I read this story I found the character had many good points but also many bad points. The Hitchhiker by Roald Dahl is about the writer who has a brand new car. The writer heads to London in his new car. On the way, he picks up a hitchhiker. The hitchhiker is going to the horse racing. When their driving on the road, the hitchhiker encourages the writer to go faster and faster. They are then stoppedRead MoreWhite Males And The American Writers922 Words   |  4 PagesAfrican American writers represented. This isn’t because they don’t exist, but because the more commonly known writers have the attributes of being more respected, and are widely accepted writers in American literature, who majority of the time are white males like Thoreau and Leopold. These are just examples, and they are good writers but there are also good African American writers that deserve just as much representation when teaching college courses. There’s a greater choice of writers besides havingRead MoreThe Ideal Writing Process Is A Very Generic Way Of Writing884 Words   |  4 Pagesof the rubric. After finding a topic start with a prewrite or an outline to help the writer get their thoughts together. Once this is done finding creditable resources that well make the paper stronger and give the writer more creditably. The writer then writes his rough draft that has all the elements that the outline had. Putting in all the recourse and following the format of the paper. Making sure the writer stays on topic though the paper. Once the rough draft is done, then they begin to reviseRead MoreAnalysis Of The English Class, My Eyes Opened At New Techniques927 Words   |  4 Pagesit required more work and research; however, writing these essays helped me to grow as a better writer. During these essay writing process, I was able to grab a sense of what is and what is not essential when writing an essay and to remember to avoid diverging from the essay topic itself. Out of the four essays- Arguing a Position, Proposing a Solution Justifying an Evaluation, and Analyzing Stories- I believed that Justifying an Evaluation was the easiest for me to write. Compared to the other essays

Siomai Business Proposal free essay sample

Siomai is one of the bestseller in food business industry nowadays and many people find it a good business venture. It is a very versatile dish. It can be eaten solo as a snack, or served with rice to make a full meal, so you can sell it anytime of the day. Ingredients for making siomai are readily available in supermarkets and public markets; some you’ll even find in your own kitchen right now. Plan Location of the Business The business is planning to locate in place near at school and in the neighborhood because of mass number of people on those places. Siomai making and selling is a very good business to look forward for. It can be sold anytime and almost anywhere. Having this kind of business requires time and effort as well as right marketing strategies. This business is in terms of food in which we have to make sure that the business observes cleanliness and right sanitation should be observed. We will write a custom essay sample on Siomai Business Proposal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The objective of Siomai business is to bring affordable food without losing its delicious taste. This business doesn’t require a big profit; in addition, it aims to help those people who are staying at home to earn profit and to make them more productive. Since we are planning a location near at school, and on neighborhood, our target market are mostly students and people who passes as well as people who stays on their houses and craving for some food/s to eat. Competitors Small businesses have many competitors all around them. Like in school, there are lots of food carts as well as canteens who sells different foods that sometimes Siomai is also one of their offered food. Likewise, selling on the neighborhood can also have lots of competitors, like carinderias and some food carts that are roaming around. How does your product differ from others? We will make sure that our product (Siomai) would be different from other siomai businesses as well as our other competitors in terms of taste and service that we will offer. (yung mga prices na tska yung kikitain) How will you meet the demand, beat competitors and operate profits? Pork Siomai Ingredients: 1 kg ground pork (suggested proportion of fat to lean meat is 1:3) 1/3 cup chopped water chestnuts or turnips (singkamas) 3/4 cup chopped carrots 2 tbsp or 4 cloves minced garlic 2 medium or 1 large minced onion(s) bunch of spring onions or leeks 1 egg 5 tablespoons sesame oil 1 teaspoon freshly ground pepper 1 teaspoon salt 5 g seasonings 50 pcs. large or 100 pcs. small wanton or siomai wrapper Soy sauce, calamansi (lemon or kumquats), sesame oil and chilli paste (for the sauce) Siomai Cooking Instructions: Mix all the ingredients for the filling in a bowl. Arrange 10 wrappers in a tray, and weigh 100 g of siomai mixture. Place 2 tsp of meat in each wrapper until nothing is left unfilled. Each wrapper will have 10 grams of siomai. To enclose, gather up the edges of the wrapper and gently fold it so that it forms a basket shape, with the top of the filling exposed. Press lightly as you pleat each side. Or, if you dont want to expose the filling, use a bigger wrapper. Do the same to the remaining meat mixture. Meanwhile, boil water and brush steamer with oil. When the water gets to a rolling boil, arrange the siomai in the steamer and let stand for 15-20 minutes, longer for larger pieces. Serve with soy sauce, calamansi and sesame oil. Chilli paste is optional. Chili Sauce for Siomai: 1/8 kilo Chillies (Siling Labuyo) 3 tablespoons cooking oil 2 cloves garlic, peeled and minced dried shrimp or meat finely chopped or grind (Adds more flavor but optional) Siomai Chilli Sauce Cooking Instruction: Combine chopped chillies, dried shrimp or meat and minced garlic then simmer for around 20 minutes or till most of the water has evaporated. Add oil, simmer and stir well. Put your cooked Siomai in a nice packaging when planning to sell it. Siomai can be marketed in schools, offices, or to your neighbors. How to Start a Siomai Business 1. Name your business In choosing a name for your business, it has to be something related to your product, unique and easy to remember. 2. Register your business To make your business legal and functional there are several government agencies you have to register with. Learn how to make siomai Do you know how to make your own specialty siomai thats so awesome you know everyone will want it. If you do then great. If not, then youd better learn. 4. Make your own food cart You dont need anything huge right away. Getting a very basic cart is all you need to get started. Food carts are easy to set up, requires low capital and is cheaper than putting up a restaurant. 5. Find a good location Look for a place that is in a commercial area where there is heavy foot traffic like in malls, train stations, terminals, schools and office areas. Having positioned your business in a good place means lots of income. 6. Market your product Dont be so confident thats because your business is located in a heavy foot traffic area people will notice it. Sorry, but no. You have to make a noise so that people will know that you are selling something for them. Make something that people will always comeback for your product. Dont settle for less. 7. Save your profit Save all the money you can. Once youre business grows you can expand to other locations and add more products being offered.

Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation Essay Example

Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation Essay Leadership is the state of being the head of the particular team or group which has to fulfill the definite work. Leadership is intimately connected with motivation because the primary task of the leader of the group is to encourage the team and their work. Naturally, every group of people united with the particular idea requires a strong and capable leader who would direct the activity of the group and improve the quality of its work. Leaders exist everywhere – at school, university, company, official political organization, etc. The most common use of the term leader is met in business because every firm requires a leader who will control and maintain the process of work and the employees’ activity. Motivation and its types depend on the style of leadership practiced by the head of the team. There are several most common approaches towards motivation – the method of reward and punishment, encouragement with money, freedom of thought and decision making, etc. If the leader is a smart and skillful one and possesses knowledge of human psychology, he will be able to communicate with employees properly. If the employee feels the support, encouragement and warm advice from the boss’ side, he will try to fulfill his duties in the best way. The main work of the leader is not to control the quality of work strictly, but to develop the employee’s creativity, responsibility, professionalism and other skills. He has just to live the right direction of work and provide the team with the sober, constructive and professional piece of advice. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Leadership and Motivation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The student who is interested in the research of the problem on leadership and motivation can prepare an exciting project which would illustrate the essential points related to the issue. The young person should understand that the quality of the research project depends on many factors: the type of information, its volume, the relevance of the problem, the usefulness of the facts, the style and manner of writing. To succeed in proposal writing one should brainstorm the best points and questions for the project which require research and present them briefly in the logical order. Finally, one can demonstrate the methods used for the analysis to prove to the professor that the issue of leadership and motivation is research from all sides. The student who requires a helpful hint for writing can find a professional piece of advice in a free example research proposal on leadership and motivation designed by the writer who is good at this matter. A free sample research proposal on leadership and motivation can be quite useful if one needs help with the formatting of the paper and the appropriate logical composition of the text. At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Leadership and Motivation topics. Your proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated PhD and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy professional research proposal writing service!

Importance of British Literature essays

Importance of British Literature essays Literature has served as many functions throughout history. Writers such as Alexander Pope, Dryden and Defoe forever changed the way writing was done. Each writer in their own way has had an impact on other writings, as well as approaches to looking and judging other writings. Literature is a powerful tool which can be used to get your point across, or it can be used just for the enjoyment of the writer. In Alexander Pope's "An Essay of Criticism" the reader is taking through a series of points and opinions that Pope has on judging poems and other writings. He writes this essay because he feels that "In time good writing will be lost"(Line 474). Pope's essay serves as a proposed guideline for critics so that good writing can once again prevail. His opening line of this essay gives the reader a clear sense of what he is stressing. "Tis hard to say, if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill, But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence,To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense". Pope's strategy is to write a guideline for critics to use when judging an essay. In this opening statement Pope claims that he doesn't know if it is harder to write or to criticize a work. Pope again uses direct statements as opposed to implying what should be done. He says "A perfect judge will read each word of wit With the same spirit that its author writ: Survey the whole, nor seek slight faults to find Where Nature moves, and rapture warms the mind . . Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see, Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be. In every work regard the writer's end, Since none can compass more than they intend(Line 232). Pope shows the reader and states with this quote that this point is important because too many because too many people think that what a critic does with literature is criticize it. This point is important To critique a work of literature is not to identify flaws, or even to judge the rel...

Scapegoats Book Report essays

Scapegoats Book Report essays 1. Discuss the authors treatment of the growing crisis in Europe and the urgency of Churchills concern that Britain desperately needed assistance to withstand Hitler. During the years of 1940 and 1941, the war in Europe caused much concern for Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. The longer the war dragged on, the greater their concern grew. With the United States claiming neutrality, Britain and its Royal Navy could not hold off Hitlers army for much longer. There seemed to be nothing the United States could do but to help out in any way it could to keep Britain from being defeated by the Germans. Roosevelt knew that something needed to be done, and it needed to be done quickly Back home in the United States, Roosevelt had problems of his own. The American people did not want war. They did not concern themselves with what was going on oversees, mainly because some of them had no idea of it. As for the ones who did, they still did not want to be involved in this huge war that was going on so far away from the American shores. Roosevelt had even gone so far as to promise the American people that with himself in office, there would be no war (unless of course the United States was attacked). Thus lay the complication and growing concern that was eating away at President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill. Complication and concern turned into active worry, but it is hard to tell exactly when that occurred. In the authors opinion, This must have happened over time, in 1940, perhaps coincident with the placement of our perimeter of interest beyond the Philippines. (p. 19) Regardless of exactly when it occurred, there was no avoiding the United States coming to the direct aid to the war in Europe. The United States began sending them war necessities as they grew weaker and weaker against Hitler. Back home in the United States, word began to get out about Roosevelt working with Ch...

Discuss the impact of the global financial recession on our lives Essay

Discuss the impact of the global financial recession on our lives - Essay Example Most of the countries today are still under the influence of the global financial recession that occurred. Apart from affecting a nation as a whole, the global financial crisis had an impact on people at the individual level. Today, most individuals still suffer under the effects of the global financial recession that have persisted. Therefore, the global financial recession continues to have an impact on the lives of people today. A major impact of the recession is that many people lost their jobs. The economic recession had a negative impact on companies, including small and big companies. These companies were a major source of employment for many people. When the companies became bankrupt and others broke down as a result of the economic recession, they were forced to lay off their employees (McKibbin W. and Stoeckel 2009). Therefore, many people were faced with the problem of joblessness. Today, most companies still struggle to improve their financial health after the recession. For this reason, these employ few or no new employees, and they have reduced benefits for existing employees. Therefore, most employees continue to feel the pinch of the recession today. The global financial crisis also led to reduced access to credit. During the recession, many people were unable to access credit, including loans for their personal and commercial uses. This was mainly because the recession had a negative impact on the banking and financial institutions that provide credit. This therefore, put a limit on how fast individuals could grow their business and personal lives using credit. The recession forced financial institutions to raise their interest rates, and this discouraged borrowing. Today, since the effects of the global financial recession have persisted, the interest rates on borrowing in financial institutions have remained relatively high. Therefore, most people still feel discouraged to borrow, in order to expand their businesses or build homes, among

Cadmium in Shellfish Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cadmium in Shellfish - Essay Example The figures for both types of shellfish was well within the tolerable limits at 7 g/kg body weight for adults as per WHO and Australian guidelines. Nevertheless, since there was observed high standard deviation among the scallop samples and there was also high deviation between the scallop and mussel cadmium/body-weight ratios it has been suggested that a future experiment be conducted during which the origin of the two types of shellfish be ascertained first to ensure that water contamination levels for both types of shellfish are the same. This shall ensure better conformation among the results. Correlation analysis was not conducted because of the small number of samples. This too should be rectified in future experiments to ascertain how each type of shellfish responds to the same level of cadmium contamination in the water. Thus, the report finds that it is highly essential to ascertain contamination in particular harvesting areas so that only those areas from where the bivalves have tolerable metal contents can be allowed harvestable. Other non-conforming areas should be declared out-of-limits. Only this can assure safety in supply. Cadmium is a heavy metal that is commonly found in many types of soil and rocks. At birth, primates like humans have no cadmium in their bodies but, with age, some humans induct the metal from their environment. The metal is a contaminant and classified as possibly carcinogenic under World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). The metal is variously used in industrial applications and commonly found in everyday use objects like paints, plastics, some types of coatings, batteries and other electrical components (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). The metal is also let out into the atmosphere from burning fuels, especially fossil fuels. It is present in rubber tires and is emitted when tires burn. Also, many industries let out the metal into the atmosphere trough flue gases (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). Another significant source of cadmium contamination is tobacco smoke. Children are especially susceptible to the metal if they are near smokers (CHEC, Cadmium, 2007). Children also a re more prone to cadmium contamination because ration of the metal intake by body weight is much higher than in adults with larger body weight. Thus, more care has to be taken to preclude such contamination in children. Also, it is estimated that cadmium build-up in the body is faster in the early years than later if the individual is subjected to such contamination (WHO, Cadmium, Series 24, 1972). In this particular context it is noted that shellfish like mussels and scallops are bottom-dwellers and are non-mobile filter feeders (Moffett, 1993). In all likelihood, if the metal becomes evident in seawater, it settles down towards the bottom and the shellfish induct it into their systems. Since there is evidence that the metal is not easily evicted from organic tissues. Over time the metal may accrue in shellfish tissue and if these are ingested by humans poisoning may result if the metal levels in the tissue are

Olympic Village Project Management Essay Example for Free

Olympic Village Project Management Essay On July 6 2005, the International Olympic Committee announced the designation of London as the host of the 2012 Olympic Games. 8 days later, the Olympic Bill was introduced to the Parliament, allowing the launch of lottery scratch cards in order to fund the Games. In the preparation of the reception of the Games, the city of London started a big renovation plan that came with the construction of several infrastructures. Among them was the Olympic Village. Before Execution Presentation The Olympic Village had the most spacious accommodation in the history of the Games, with ample room to house the 16,000 athletes and NOC team officials in 17,320 beds, and with the capacity to add more if required. The Olympic Village was conveniently located in the midst of most sports venues. The great majority of competitors (80% of Olympic athletes and over 95% of Paralympic athletes) will be within 20 minutes of their venues. Though unified in design, the Olympic Village had distinct residential and international zones in strict accord with IOC Olympic Village guidelines. The international zone, located north of Stratford International station, comprises athletes’ entertainment and leisure facilities, the visitors’ welcome centre, the media sub-centre, meeting rooms and conference facilities and areas for the Welcome Ceremonies and flag displays. The residential zone contains the apartments, the main dining facility and the polyclinic. Adjacent buildings houses various services including athlete accreditation, sports information, the NOC centre, the Olympic Village operations and service area (VOSA), the athletes’ disco and the Chef de Mission meeting hall. The transport mall was split into two main areas. One served the Olympic Park and the other provided transit to other London competition venues. As the Games progressed, bus services operated from here to London’s key tourist venues. Transport within the Olympic Village itself was provided by a zero-emission continuous bus shuttle to connect apartment blocks with all the main facilities, including the transport mall and dining facilities. This service ran on a continuous 24-hour basis, although on a reduced basis during the early hours of the morning (01.00hrs to 05.00hrs). The Olympic Village’s main entrance is at the southern end of the complex, close to Stratford International station and the main vehicle pickup/drop off facility. Secure car parking for accredited guests and visiting officials will be nearby. Schedule Given the size and the nature of the project, the LOCOG (London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games) and the ODA (Olympic Delivery Authority) did not wait for the IOC decision to begin the project of the construction of an Olympic Village. As we can see on the table below, the organizations started, since 2003, the groundwork for the athletes’ accommodation. By the time the IOC gave its verdict, the location was chosen and the designing details were already on their way. As the soon as the decision was made public, the tendering for the main contractor began. Shortly after, the construction on-site started with the demolition phase. The construction of the Village was completed in early 2012 for a total duration on-site of almost 6 years. Location The area chosen as the construction site was located in east London, seven minutes from all of the attractions of the city centre and in the heart of the Olympic Park. This location is part of the development project of Stratford City. Stratford City will bring almost 5 000 homes and 30 000 jobs to Stratford and has been given outline planning consent. The project, once completed, will be one of the largest mixed use developments in the UK for many years. It is the brainchild of development partners Chelsfield plc, Stanhope plc and London and Continental Railways. The plans include 465,000 square meters of offices, 4,850 new homes for approximately 11,000 people, 150,500 square meters of retail space and up to 2,000 hotel bedrooms. Work began in 2006 and is expected to take 20 years to complete. Environmental In early 2003, the governmental organizations carried a full environmental impact assessment as part of the Olympic masterplan planning applications. This environmental assessment considered existing site conditions, potential impacts of Olympic developments on the site and its surroundings, as well as opportunities for environmental management, awareness-raising and cultural activities. The studies and mitigation proposals have formed the basis for a detailed environmental brief for the Olympic Village. It includes: †¢ Application of the highest recognized UK standards for sustainable construction to meet carbon emission and waste minimization targets †¢ Climate-proofing to take account of predicted climate changes in the decades ahead †¢ An integrated approach to resource management and infrastructure development for energy, water and waste †¢ Emphasis on access, mobility and community services infrastructure to reduce car dependency and promote healthier lifestyles †¢ High soundscape quality and a legacy of exemplary noise management practices with supportive soundscapes for people with visual and hearing impairments †¢ Incorporation of green space and biodiversity into the design to provide ecological, water management, air quality and visual amenity benefits. Paralympic considerations Because the Village also welcomed the athletes participating in the Paralympic Games, the service providers were asked to make necessary adjustments to the physical features of their premises to allow equal access for all in accordance with the UK’s Building Regulations. The LOCOG will ensure that the Paralympic Village will meet any new standards agreed with the IPC, such as single room accommodation for every athlete with a severe disability (such as those who use an electric wheelchair for daily living). Every apartment will benefit from spacious bathrooms and shower rooms. Because the Paralympic Village will be specifically designed to be accessible, the IPC and the NPCs will – for the first time – be able to indicate in advance where any special aids and facilities should be located. Costs planning The construction costs were planned to reach $ 1 101 million for a 5 years project (from June 2007 to May 2012). As we can see on the table below, almost the total of that sum has been used for the main construction work of the site. The LOCOG financed the temporary works for an amount of  £ 61 million. Those temporary workers, employed in early 2012, were given the task to tune up the Village (equipping it with furnitures). The financing of the permanent workers for an amount of more than a billion pounds will be discussed in the next point.

French and British Colonialism Bibliography usage :: essays research papers

Topic: What were the legacies of French and British colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa? How similar/different were those legacies? Paul Nugent. (2004). Africa Since Independence. Palgrave Macmillan This is a comparative study of the different trajectories and experiences of independent African states. It addresses the differential legacies of British, French, Portuguese, Belgian and Spanish colonialism as well as the unique qualities of imperial Ethiopia and Liberia Richard Hughes (2003). Capricorn: David Stirling's African Campaign. Radcliffe Press Capricorn is the story of a small band of idealists in the decade before independence that believed a future without racial discrimination would allow the countries of east and central Africa to prosper. Story wises the effects of the turbulent history of post-colonial Africa and its disappointment to idealists and to politicians who hoped for peace in countries free of European control. Retrieved July 2004 from: Nicholas Pederson, ACDIS-Arms Control Disarmament and International Security, French Colonialism in Africa at: www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs/Pederson/html/contents/sect3.html This series paper details France’s need for uranium, a resource made an advantage to France by its colonialism in Africa. The paper also details the events of Africa’s largest and longest lasting colonial empires in history-the French Colony. Details factors involved in the decision to pursue African based colonies and details the ideas involved in assimilating and associating the African people into French culture. Retrieved July 2004 from: Nicholas Pederson, ACDIS-Arms Control Disarmament and International Security French Colonialism In Africa Post-WWII at: www.acdis.uiuc.edu/Research/OPs /sect4.html The paper details the beginning of the end of French Colonialism in Africa by Charles de Gaulle creation of the Fifth French Republic in 1958 and his coming to power. Retrieved July 2004 from: University of Nothern Iowa, Geographic Alliance of Iowa: Standard Four: The Human Characteristics of Nigeria at: www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background The article details the events of Nigeria’s creation through British colonialism. Also details the legacies left behind in Nigeria such as the English language, culture, and presents a balanced view of Nigeria’s stereotypes and truths. Linguistic and the Political Geography of Nigeria are also detailed. Retrieved June 2004 from: University of Maryland. ICONS Americas Transatlantic Connections at: http://www.icons.umd.edu/americas/afr-am.htm The article highlights the differences between administrative policies of British colonialism and Latin, French policies. Very brief and to the point but also contains links to Organization of Africans in the Americas(Europe). O. Patricia Cambridge, Ph.D. (2000) Africa Untold. Ohio Univeristy Detailed similarities of the effects of European colonies on Africa’s Religion, Politics, Economics, Women, Children, Men and Kinship.

The Bento as a Culture in Japan

The bento as a culture in Japan ID NO. 12411099 Word count: 1075 It is very convenient that students who study in APU can go to convenience store buying bento as lunch or dinner. In fact, everyday there are so many people who are students or businessmen buying bento as their lunch when they have no time to eat lunch in resturant or made by hand. In some way, bento is a pretty important culture in Japan society. Bento first appeared in ancient period in Japan, which mostly stood for more wealthy class people. On the contrast, especially for the rural residents just took some rice balls when they went out do to something.The rice balls were considered formed in Yayoi era of the late (about two centuries before and after), which has been had a very long history. The rice balls was called † grip rice† (nigirimeshi), or â€Å"imperial Results† (omusubi) to the Edo period. From this point of view, we can know that bento has a long history in Japan, and it is a kind of sp ecial culture of Japanese. Lunch sale has become a highlight to attract customers to buy the bento in various large convenience stores, such as â€Å"7-11†, â€Å"Family-mart†, â€Å"Lawson†.They use lots of ways showing their bento, and constantly develop the bento in new-types and new-tastes. According to the seasons change, they make the inexpensive bento but in good color, flavor, and taste. Japanese are usually accustomed to cold food, but in the winter they can use the microwave in the convenience store heating the bento by free. It shows that the Japanese people about the natural view. Japan is a seaboard country, they accept the most of food by the sea, so they have a highly respect to the sea. The price of bento is generally in the range from 450 yen to 700 yen.The qualities of bento in lunch house and lunch share seems to be above the supermarkets and convenience stores, because the food is fresh, and probably also serves soup. Lunch of the forms from the wicker suitcase, bamboo baskets, exquisite lacquer box, aluminum lunch boxes has already evolved into today's plastic or wood containers which are more convenient to take and heat. So why is bento so popular in Japan? Firstly, the bento stores are very popular. According to the survey, every province has almost 1000 bento stores in Japan. It indicates that the bento is a very important culture in Japan.Secondly, the economics decides the popular degree of bento in Japan. Thirdly, It can keep the balance of nutrition in daily life. Especially it is convenient for the businessmen who face much pressure of working. In particular, in Japan, the businessmen who are working in Japanese company always have to work overtime up to night, they don't have much time on meal, so the bento is convenient and important for them. Most of them can buy the bento in convenience stores, or the people who have already got married can take the bento which made by their wives.Most of married men who ta ke the bento from the family will feel a sense of happiness. It can deepen the relationship between husband and wife, promote the families getting more harmonious and happy. Lastly, bento has a power invaluable. Most of schools in Japan implement activity that called bento no hi. It is a activity that let children buy the ingredients of food what they want to cook, and then cook by themselves and the parents just only tell them how to cook. It also promote the interaction between parents and children.In the school, the children will show their bento each other, and it let them know how hard cooking. It even promote that the part of children choose to research the diet or the work about the diet sell. From above all, it shows that the bento as a culture in Japan society how important. The bento has a close relationship with the Japanese culture and society. Food is full of the bento box indicates that a smart Japanese culture. Bridging culture is like a bento box that is full of so m any things in a narrow space. It is not only the quantities of requirements, but also require the qualities.Except the reduced consciousness reflect the reduced things, in society, the team spirit of Japanese people and the spirit of seriousness are as well as a kind of reflection of reduced consciousness. In other words, bridging culture is very important for Japanese people. The bento culture can be seem from the Japanese reduced consciousness. How about bento in my country? In China, in fact, there is not having so many different kinds of bento. Most of people choose to eat in resturant, family, or fast food. In some ways, fast food is seen as a kind of bento.It has so many fast food stores in China, such as McDonald's, KFC. Most Chinese students and young adults like eating these fast food. The most of fast food is cooked by fried, which is full of oil, fat, and salt. It is unhealth for body. If people eat it very much and very frequency, it will lead to caner even death. And th e fast food is not fresh, in some ways, it maybe not very clean in the process of cooking. But why are so many people loving it in China? I think it is depends on the different country country has different diet culture. Japanese people love hanami in different seasons.Especially they enjoy sakura in spring. And of course, they will take the bento with them, and they eat the bento with their families or friends in the trees while they enjoy sakura. This is a special culture in Japan. They feel it can release the stress in the daily life when they eating bento in the sakura trees. Above all of the contents, bento has a long history in Japan, bento gradually develops an art , and a kind of driving force. According to the development of bento, it shows that the development and change of Japan society clearly.At the same time, it indicates that the outlook and attitude on life of Japanese people in nowadays. According to the bento, it make a close relationship between individual and soc iety, and it make people know each other as well as. The bento culture is a backbone of Japanese culture, it is a impetus that promote the development in Japan. References: : 2008 : ,2009 (2010/3/10) (Wikipedia). http://ja. wikipedia. org/wiki. : 2008.

Tkam Reflection

Gem an d Scout have a life head of them that Tactics can look forward too. With this, Attic's good sense e of morality partially comes from the fact that he has to teach his children the right lesson. If the book went on for another twenty years, I believe that Gem and Scout would have a better life with a better sense of morality that Male would. Also, Bob's bad sense of morality affect De the characters around him and even caused the life of a human. Since, Bob has a poor sense of morality, he does not feel bad blaming his beating of Male on Tom Robinson.Tom was obviously innocent and died trying to escape jail which Bob put him in. In a way, Bob is r expansible for Tom's death. Did not realism how the morality of someone could be affected and how morality makes a difference on a person before reading To Kill a Mockingbird. Throughout this essay, I had a lot of positives and negatives. I would say had more negatives than positives but eventually worked them out. The easiest part of the essay for me was writing the parts the parts not about the quotes and research.For exam el saying, â€Å"Bob Lowell lives a very poor life with nothing to look forward to. † was a lot easier that n explaining a quote. This is because quotes and evidence were extremely hard to come by when writing this paper. Most of the entrees by scholars I looked through did not explain how morality affected the characters, yet they explained that â€Å"Bob's sense of morality was not right†. Ho waver, would eventually find a good article such as Laurie Champion's that explained morale TTY in the book in depth. I also wrote two essays.The first one finished well before the due data but realized I was talking about the wrong information. Deleted most of it and started over. The sees were some challenges and some positives of writing this essay. Learned some interesting facts about myself as a writer when wrote this sees ay. One of the biggest one was the fact that I talk about my opinions and what I have to s ay too much. When started to write this essay, actually wrote the whole thing without maybe on e or quotes. I believed the essay was perfect but I knew I had to add quotes.I learned that I could write a lot eased on what I read throughout doing my research. Also learned that if I pr ovoid myself with an outline, can write the essay a lot smoother. When I started writing the sees ay, I had no idea what points I was going to bring up when talking about the specific topic. I ma De myself an outline and was able to write the essay a lot smoother. If I could go back and fix anything about my essay I would probably add more quotes and evidence. I did not use that many quotes compared to my friends and if I had time would find more information.

Non-Toxic Christmas Tree Food

Non-Toxic Christmas Tree Food Christmas tree food helps the tree absorb water and food to help keep the tree hydrated. The tree will retain its needles better and wont present a fire hazard. The following recipes are non-toxic and safe to keep around young children and pets. The acidity in the tree food helps the tree absorb water while deterring bacteria and mold. The sugar is the nutritive food part of the tree food. Christmas Tree Food Recipe #1 Mix a splash of real lemonade, limeade or orange juice with water. I have been using limeade in water for my tree this season. Its still going strong, even though I put it up Thanksgiving weekend. The ratio of the ingredients is not critical. Id say Im using about 1/4 limeade with 3/4 parts water. Christmas Tree Food Recipe #2 This is a variation on my original tree food: 1-gallon water2 cups light corn syrup4 teaspoons lemon juice or vinegar Christmas Tree Food Recipe #3 Mix together a citrus soft drink, like Sprite or 7-UP, together with water. When you first put up your tree, you might want to use warm water to encourage the tree to drink water. Afterward just make sure liquid remains available. If youve got a black thumb and manage to kill your Christmas tree anyway, you can use chemistry to make a silver crystal tree. It doesnt require food or water!

A Summary of Margaret Atwoods The Edible Woman

A Summary of Margaret Atwoods The Edible Woman The Edible Woman is the first novel by Margaret Atwood, published in 1969. It tells the story of a young woman who struggles with society, her fiancà ©, and food. It is often discussed as an early work of feminism. The protagonist of The Edible Woman is Marian, a young woman with a job in consumer marketing. After she gets engaged, she becomes unable to eat. The book explores Marian’s questions of self-identity and her relationships with others, including her fiancà ©, her friends, and a man whom she meets through her work. Among the characters is Marian’s roommate, who wants to get pregnant but surprisingly does not want to get married. Margaret Atwood’s layered, somewhat fanciful style in The Edible Woman explores themes of sexual identity and consumerism. The novel’s ideas about consumption work on a symbolic level. Is Marian unable to consume food because she is being consumed by her relationship? Additionally, The Edible Woman examines a woman’s inability to eat side by side with the unhappiness in her relationship, although it was published at a time when the psychology of eating disorders was not commonly discussed. Margaret Atwood has written dozens of books, including The Handmaid’s Tale and The Blind Assassin, which won the Booker Prize. She creates strong protagonists and is known for exploring feminist issues and other questions of contemporary society in unique ways. Margaret Atwood is one of the most prominent Canadian writers and a major figure in contemporary literature. Main Characters Clara Bates: She is a friend of Marian McAlpin. Quite pregnant with her third child as the book begins, she dropped out of college for her first pregnancy. She represents traditional motherhood and sacrifices for ones children.  Marian finds Clara rather boring and believes she needs rescuing. Joe Bates: Claras husband, a college instructor, who does quite a bit of the work at home. He stands for marriage as a way to protect women. Mrs. Bogue: Marians department head and a prototypical professional woman. Duncan: Marians love interest, very different than Peter, Marians  fiancà ©. He is not particularly attractive, not ambitious, and he pushes Marian to be real. Marian McAlpin: The protagonist, learning to cope with life and people. Millie, Lucy, and Emmy, the Office Virgins: they symbolize what is artificial in womens stereotypical roles of the 1960s Len (Leonard) Shank: A friend of Marian and Clara, a lecherous skirt-chaser according to Marian. Ainsley is trying to trick him into fathering her child, but he is the opposite of the married father, Joe Bates. Fish (Fischer) Smythe: Duncans roommate, who plays a special role near the end in Ainsleys life. Ainsley Tewce: Marians roommate, the ultra-progressive, aggressive opposite of Clara and, perhaps, also Marians opposite. She is anti-marriage at first, then switches two different kinds of moral earnestness. Trevor: Duncans roommate. Trigger: A late-marrying friend of Peters. Peter Wollander: Marians  fiancà ©, a good catch who proposes to Marian because it is a sensible thing to do. He wants to mold Marian into his idea of the perfect woman. Woman Down Below: The landlady (and her child) who represents a kind of strict moral code. Summary Marians relationships are introduced and she introduces people to each other.  Peter proposes and Marian accepts, giving over her responsibility to him, though she seems aware that is not her true self. Part 1 is told in Marians voice. Now with an impersonal narrator of the story, people shift. Marian becomes fascinated with Duncan and begins to have trouble eating food.  She also imagines her body parts are disappearing. She bakes a cake-woman for Peter, who refuses to take part in it. Ainsley teachers her how to put on a false smile and a fancy red dress. Marian shifts again, finding herself rooted again in reality and she watches Duncan eat the cake.

REFLECTIVE JOURNAL- LEADERSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

REFLECTIVE JOURNAL- LEADERSHIP - Essay Example Therefore, I thought that I should change my leadership skill to get the support of my family members. I have started to learning about different types of leadership skills in order to implement in my own life as I am going through several issues. My dream is to become a successful nurse, but my family is finding it difficult to support mu dream due to inadequate financial condition of my family. Previously I believed in Autocratic leadership style in which I tend to make my own decision independently without taking suggestions of others as well as my family members. But, recent financial crisis and inadequate economic environment of my family has forced me to learn about different leadership style in order to influence my mother and other family members to support me to complete my Bachelor’s study in nursing. However, democratic leadership style can be valuable comparing to autocratic leadership style as it will help me to make my family members understand about the significance of my nursing studies as it will help me to develop prosperous professional career in near future (Wood, 2008). My previous experience and existing assumptions do have a serious impact on my action. It has been mentioned earlier that I used to believe in autocratic or authoritarian leadership style. I used to make my own decisions regarding my studies and career development aspect. My leadership style was almost ruler-centered that can be termed as abuse of power. However, recently I have understood that it was my selfishness that I wanted to chase my dream without understanding and realizing my inadequate family environment. My mother tried hard but failed to support my nursing studies. Therefore, I am working as a support manager in an organization in order to help my family to run daily life. Moreover, this aspect will influence my mother to consider my dreams regarding my professional career. Only, democratic

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 50

Philosophy - Essay Example Admetus accepted the offer of immortality thinking that by the time he is to leave the mortal world for the underworld, one of his old parents would happily sacrifice their life for their son. It was not a fool’s decision, it is only rational to think that way. The mistake he made was not getting anything in a contract with his parents. If it was his time to die, he must have had some form of legal paper showing that he has a substitute to offer in his place. He could have also made a deal with any person, who would be happy to die at a certainty time in future for a pot of gold. Despite the fact Ametus might seem like a fool to many, I would call him an impulsive being, not a fool. Plus he always has a way to get out of situations. No one is perfect in the world, Admetus’s foolishness (or impulsiveness) would have landed him in trouble many times, but he always had someone there to protect him – fools don’t have such powerful friends! Apollo is like a friend to Admetus, he does treat his friends well and in the end Apollo gets him out of trouble whenever he’s in one. When it was the time to win the heart of the beautiful Alcestis, Pelias’s daughter, the king of Lolcus, Apollo helped him yoke the lion and the bear to a chariot and then Admetus drove the chariot to show it to Pelias – fools can’t be that lucky. Admetus was impulsive and stubborn and that is why he refused to make a sacrifice to Artemis. This upset the goddess and she put snakes in the bridal chamber as a punishment. To Admetus’s aid, Apollo came forward again, he talked sense into him and told him that it’s better to make the sacrifice to the goddess. Admetus took heed to Apollo’s advice and made the sacrifice – fools don’t listen to reason, Admetus is no fool. Toward the end when it’s the time of death Fates have agreed to spare Admetus if he offers someone else. When Admetus asks his parents they refuse and

HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

HR - Essay Example As they see perceive via the general operating conditions of the TWTC, some managers confessed that their company occurs to have no clear career â€Å"road map† and this is not suitable especially for starting workers who aspire to yield growth and promotion at a time in the future. With less opportunities toward professional advancement and incomes that barely hit the average, it is plain to imagine how easily TWTC could lose employees by mass resignation if only there exist several other alternatives in which to spot greener pastures for employment and internship alike. Despite the negative observations the managing staff, however, expressed hopes about the impacting contributions of the Human Resources stating â€Å"HR is part of all process developments and is not merely supportive of the processes.† By exploring analysis of this area, the company is able to convey how people are greatly valued in terms of healthy working relations and quality training. Besides recruitment and staffing, the HR is said to demonstrate expert potential in evaluating employees and thereby determining the benefit packages that grant employees the satisfying monetary worth for the equivalent skills and efforts shown. Majority had agreed with the way HR is claimed to exhibit a character of readiness and availability in supporting most aspects of operations as well as responding to requests in a timely manner. A manager admitted that, being an asset to the company in different ways, TWTC HR receives good compensation in exchange of excelling in the field where personnel go beyond their fundamental duties, keeping a balanced aid between the employer advocate or executives and the workforce. Moreover, the interviewees further stressed that â€Å"HR is engaged in every part of the firm’s structure† and on this ground, the processes and

The Act of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

The Act of Utilitarianism Essay Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will generate the most pleasure. The rule utilitarian, on the other hand, begins by looking at potential rules of action. To determine whether a rule should be followed, he or she looks at what would happen if it were constantly followed. If adherence to the rule produces more happiness than otherwise, it is a rule that morally must be followed at all times. The distinction between act and rule utilitarianism is therefore based on a difference about the proper object of consequential calculation — specific to a case or generalized to rules. Also to achieve the greater good for the greater number of people. Rule utilitarianism has been criticized for advocating general rules that, in some specific circumstances, clearly decrease happiness if followed. Never to kill another human being may seem to be a good rule, but it could make self-defense against malevolent aggressors very difficult. Rule utilitarians add, however, that there are general exception rules that allow the breaking of other rules if such rule-breaking increases happiness, one example being self-defense. Critics argue that this reduces rule utilitarianism to act utilitarianism and makes rules meaningless. Rule utilitarians retort that rules in the legal system (i. e. , laws) that regulate such situations are not meaningless. Self-defense is legally justified, while murder is not. However, within rule utilitarianism there is a distinction between the strictness and absolutism of this particular branch of utilitarianism. Strong Rule Utilitarianism is an absolutist theory, which frames strict rules that apply for all people and all time and may never be broken. John Stuart Mill proposed Weak Rule utilitarianism, which posits that, although rules should be framed on previous examples that benefit society, it is possible, under specific circumstances, to do what produces the greatest happiness and break that rule. An example would be the Gestapo asking where your Jewish neighbours were; a strong rule utilitarian might say the Do not lie rule must never be broken, whereas a weak rule utilitarian would argue that to lie would produce the most happiness.

Wheel chair tennis :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tennis Populations 1. Wheel chair tennis 2. Hearing impaired 3. Learning disabilities   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wheelchair tennis won’t come easy to a new comer but with practice you can only get better. I would rate wheelchair tennis not a 1 or 2 (easy) because its hard to do two things at once. Positioning yourself in a wheelchair to hit a tennis ball before it bounces twice can be difficult. I would rate this activity a 3 due to having tennis skill and wheelchair handling capability. Wheelchair tennis is for every level but to have the basics of moving around the court and learn how to hit different types of shots with a tennis racquet can be challenging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wheelchair tennis started in 1976, when Brad Parks introduced the potential of this new sport. Since 1976, wheelchair tennis has been the fastest growing and one of the most challenging and exciting of all wheelchair sports. It has provided opportunities for many disabled people to enjoy competitive tennis, as well as sharing experiences with both able-bodied and disabled friends of all age groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A little over a decade later since it was first introduced, with its fast growth and popularity, the IWTF (international wheelchair tennis federation) formed in 1988. The new sport grew throughout the country and even overseas. As fast as the sport grew one of the major problems was lack of equipment. Over the year, many players have donated their old wheelchairs to new and developing countries to help them start a wheelchair program. Wheelchair tennis has the same rules as a regular tennis game, except the only rule difference is the ball can bounce 2 times instead of once.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Mission statement for Wheelchair Tennis: The ITF is the international governing body for tennis, including wheelchair tennis. It aims to provide, promote and develop opportunities for men, women and children with disabilities to participate in recreational and competitive wheelchair tennis at all levels from novice to the professional player. As the governing body of tennis, the ITF provides a leading role in the administration of wheelchair tennis. The ITF aims to ensure that a fair and equal opportunity is provided for all those entitled to play under its eligibility rules and that the Rules of Wheelchair Tennis are implemented according to the standards expected of an international body. The ITF aims to work together with National Tennis Federations, National Disabled Sports Organizations and National Wheelchair Tennis Organizations to provide opportunities for all involved in wheelchair tennis and to encourage integration with able-bodied tennis whenever possible.

Financial statement analysis Essay

1. What is the purpose of financial statement analysis? The purpose of financial statement analysis is to provide information used by the business, potential creditors and investors. 2. If a company had sales of $2,587,643 in 1998 and sales of $3,213,456 in 2003, by what percentage did sales change during this time period? 24.18% a. If the company had a goal of increasing sales by 25% over a five-year period, did it meet its objectives? No b. If the company had set a goal of increasing sales by 28% during the next five years, what should be the sales goal for 2008? 4,113,223.68 3. List and briefly describe the five categories of business ratios. a. Liquidity ratios: Used to determine the company’s ability to pay off short-term debts. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liquidityratios.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) b. Activity ratios: The ability to convert different accounts into cash or sales (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/activityratio.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) c. Leverage ratios: Used to get an idea of a company’s method of finance or measures it’s ability to meet financial obligations. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/leverageratio.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) d. Market ratios: A ratio of a company’s book value to the market value. (http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Book-to-Market+Ratio) 4. Why might a company have a high current ratio but a low quick ratio (acid test ratio)? A company may encounter this when the current assets are dependent on inventory. (http://www.investopedia.com/university/ratios/liquidity-measurement/ratio2.a sp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) 5. If a company has beginning inventory of $30,000 and ending inventory of $55,000, compute its average inventory. If the cost of goods sold is $140,000, compute its inventory turnover and determine how many days the average item is in stock. The average inventory would be 42,500, and average days item is in stock 110.8 days. (http://smallbusiness.chron.com/calculate-inventory-conversion-period-11197.html) 6. A company computes its accounts receivable turnover to be 20. Based on this information, find the average collection period. If the company has a credit collection period of 30 days, explain the relationship between the credit collection period and the average collection period. Average collection period is 18.25. The relationship between the credit collection period and the average collection period is very good for this company. This company will receive payments owed to them prior to them having to pay whom they owe. (http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Ratio-Analysis.topicArticleId-21248,articleId-21213.html (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/average_collection_period.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) 7. A company finds that its fixed asset turnover (net sales/fixed assets) has fallen below one. What does this indicate? 8. If a company has $181,000 in total liabilities and $225,000 in total assets, what percentage of total assets is being financed with the use of other people’s money? 80.4 (http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Ratio-Analysis.topicArticleId-21248,articleId-21213.html) 9. Distinguish between gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin and provide the formula for each ratio. (http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/ratio-analysis/gross-profit-margin-2076) 10. Why is the operating return on assets ratio also referred to as the operating return on investment? The interest expenseis added to ignore the costs associated with funding those assets. ( http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnonassets.asp#ixzz2LZMFaFbY) 11. If a company’s stock is currently selling for $12 per share and its price/earnings ratio is 6, what are its earnings per share? 2 dollars What does this figure mean? This figure shows that on the market the shares are selling for $12 per share for stock in this company that’s net earning $2.00 per share of stock outstanding. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/price-earningsratio.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) PE Ratio = Market Price / Earnings per share 6 = $12/Earnings per share Earnings per share = $12/6 = $2.00 12. Compare efficiency and effectiveness. 13. What is the difference between accounting profit and entrepreneurial profit? 14. What financial ratio is predominantly used to determine profitability? 15. Describe the earning power of a company. 16. How is financial leverage related to bankruptcy? 17. Compare Chapter 11 bankruptcy with Chapter 7 bankruptcy. What is the relationship among fixed costs, contribution margin, and the break-even point?

There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business

There are always ups and downs associated with any line of business. IT is not an exception. During downturn profit margins take a toll and consumer confidence plummets. Business executives around the world eagerly scan the latest report on economic indicators and search for good news. Downturn affects many segments. It is not only the industry that experiences the negatives of the economy, but also the common man is affected. Economic uncertainty elicits different reactions from different firms. Some organizations simply tread water and attempt to ride out the storm; others swim upstream with the intent to move ahead of their competitors. As executives rethink their business strategies, they should consider a variety of approaches – including some that are not immediately obvious given today's uncertain economic climate. 2 Problem Definition Understanding the problem is a key to solving it. Howsoever generic this statement may be, it is apt to say that the strategies and actions formulated to emerge strong in downturn may not succeed without understanding how the downturn was caused. It is imperative to understand the factors that influence the downturn and how a particular downturn may be triggered. The cause could be many; a particular industry segment might not meet expectations and could trigger decrease in growth in other sectors. E.g. the dot com burst. In this section we endeavor to list down indicators that could possible play a role in causing the downturn. Along with it we also list down the reactions that companies worldwide give to tackle downturns. By way of research we would like to present how these reactions can indeed be made operational strategies to emerge victorious in the downturn. 2.1 Economic Downturn – Defined Economic Downturn is defined by a significant decline in total output, income, employment, and trade, usually lasting from six months to a year, and marked by widespread contractions in many sectors of the economy. Downturns can be * Industry specific * Economy based * Long term/ short term or * Geography specific The severity of an Economic Downturn is measured through parameters like: Economy * Employment * GDP Growth * Interest rates * Inflation * Investments * Public Expenditure Corporate * Lack of growth in profitability * Falling earning outlooks * Squeeze in margins * Drop in share price Index * Low dividends * High investor expectation * Dried-up cash flow * Low capacity utilization * Urgent need for cost optimization * Increased market competition * Stagnant Markets – Non expanding – Frozen pie vs. Expanding Pie People * Fall in Personal income * Fall in Personal expenditure * Fall in Private Investments 2.2 Company Reactions during downturn Companies adopt various tactics that can help them emerge stronger and subsequently more competitive when the economic upturn arrives. Forward-thinking initiatives that concentrate on lowering an organization's ongoing cost structure are more effective than blanket budget cuts. The tactics focus equally on efficiency and expansion, since businesses keen on moving ahead have to consider both perspectives. In fact, when corporate coffers are clamped shut, companies must rely on efficiency gains to fund expansion initiatives 2.2.1 Cut Costs Cutting the cost is probably the most obvious option for a company when margins are thin. Cost cutting is done in different forms and many of the following options directly or indirectly deal with them. 2.2.2 Improve Focus In boom times, the proverbial strategy is to let a thousand flowers bloom. However, when the financial picture darkens, the businesses tend to do some pruning. An economic downturn becomes an ideal time to focus the corporation's scarce resources -both marketing and manufacturing dollars – on the most popular, promising or profitable products and brands. In other words, invest in the best and ignore the rest. Savings from consolidation efforts can then be applied to further support selected focus areas. Similarly, businesses try to concentrate on acquiring and retaining the most profitable customer sets: How? 1. Forego expensive mass-marketing efforts; instead, market directly to carefully targeted prospects 2. Focus efforts on serving top accounts better than ever. Understand customer cost and revenue drivers to determine the real â€Å"top accounts†, then consider e-commerce and self-service solutions that can increase satisfaction while lowering costs. 3. Learn to effectively use information that is already available in-house to build revenues from the existing customer base. By combining in-house information with proprietary market data, the company can start to understand the â€Å"why† of customer preferences and build a stronger competitive advantage. 2.2.3 Ease points of pain When revenues are climbing continuously, inefficiencies are easy to ignore; declines in per-unit margins can be made up through volume. But when growth stalls, margins come under tremendous scrutiny, forcing companies to inspect every aspect of their business for possible improvements. Rarely can a business simply stop performing a function; instead, it must find a way to accomplish the task differently. This often requires the help of technology. Surplus inventory, high work-in-process and supply-and-demand discrepancies are more costly than ever. By digitally linking the entire supply chain and collaborating electronically with suppliers and customers, companies can potentially lower costs in the short term and improve market responsiveness over time. 2.2.4 Share costs It's not surprising that when margins are squeezed, firms search out and eliminate redundancy. Internal and external best practices implemented through shared or common business models across the enterprise can dramatically lower costs while increasing competitiveness. However, an â€Å"all or nothing† approach to standardization can sometimes backfire. When implementation teams look beneath the surface of â€Å"common functions†, they often discover legitimate needs for variance. Before too long, the cost of processing exceptions outweighs the anticipated synergy savings. An effective shared services strategy requires a deeper analysis up front – pursuing similar parts, not necessarily the whole function. Rather than forcing each function – regardless of line of business – into a standard mold, look for naturally occurring affinities, pinpoint specific areas of similarity, and combine those particular pieces. 3 Analysis 3.1 Reasons for Downturn Studies have shown that the following are the main reasons for downturn: 60% of the respondents feel that this downturn is caused by normal fluctuations in business cycles. The fluctuations in share markets are attributed as the reason for downturn by 20% of the respondents. Only 15% of the respondents felt that the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center is the cause for the downturn. This shows that people perceive downturn as a natural phenomenon happening due to ups and downs in the economy. Terrorist attacks and other reasons, are not the main factors causing downturn, but they can trigger an already bad situation worse. 3.2 How do people see the downturn Majority (61%) of the people feel that downturn is an opportunity to find newer markets, restructure their organization and fine-tune the process to increase productivity. The findings here support our arguments provided in the previous section. Downturn is definitely an opportunity for businesses to take a look at their processes, the way they provide services to customers, markets and other factors affecting them and improve their way of working. 3.3 Strategies to focus during downturn Studies found that during a downturn the energies of people are concentrated in keeping their customers happy. 32% of the people have made this as their primary focus area. The other areas where people are concentrating are in strengthening the sales and distribution/marketing. When getting new business is tough, it makes sense to keep the existing customers happy, provide them the extra bit for their dollar and come up with innovative ideas to service them. Keeping the existing business stable can sustain the current revenues and increase. Repeat business can increase the revenues. With these factors in mind, people are following customer centric strategies to face the downturn. 3.4 HR strategies during downturn Human Resources are on of the key focus area during a downturn. Cost can be cut cost by retrenching employees. Productivity can be increased by extending the working hours or by employing cross-functional training. â€Å"Punish the non-performers† is the key mantra. 80% of the respondents have stated that this is the primary task that needs to be accomplished or that their companies have started identifying non-performers and taken steps to ensure that employees perform to expectations. Some of them advocate extending the working hours. There seems to be not much support for unpaid leave or freezing salaries among the people interviewed. 3.5 Outsourcing as an option Downturns might pose a good opportunity to study what the companies are doing the best and discard the rest. Outsourcing to low cost destinations is definitely being looked as a possible opportunity. 76% of the respondents feel that they should resort to outsourcing non-core activities. 4 Suggested Strategy to Manage Downturns â€Å"Recessions, sound a lot worse than they are — in part because they're a great opportunity to move forward on key strategies and to take on competitors.† To get through a recession the most important thing for a company to do is to keep a positive attitude and identify its challenges and convert them into opportunities. There are various strategies that a company can adopt to not only survive but also grow in a reversionary economy. Based on the various arguments and data provided in the previous sections, we are in a position to present these action items to manage business in a downturn. We have grouped them under different functional management areas. 4.1 Core Competencies Recession is the time when a company must concentrate on its core competencies. Core Competence implies Resource, strength, skills or a combination that provide tangible advantage to a firm. It is very essential for the company to maintain focus and do what it does best. It is dangerous for a company to venture into unknown territories with an intention to broad-base itself, as one wrong decision could make it fall deep in the red. Every company must take stock of its strengths and leveraging unique strengths that are difficult to emulate. It should strive to enhance its knowledge and skill by keeping in touch with the market requirements. Identify strengths and axe weaknesses. This can translate in restructuring, selling or closing weak or mediocre businesses. Selling is particularly difficult, as the same division might have fetched much more in good days. In a downturn, this aspect should not change the focus. Companies cannot afford to waste money and management attention in areas that destroy value or limit their ability to invest in the future. Young companies may not have enough run way for the next year or two. They must rapidly adopt survival strategies. Tough choices range from giving up equity at low valuations; merging with compatible product or service companies; partnering to, in effect, use other people's resources; or narrowing the strategic focus to a bare minimum. A careful study and analysis will help in taking the right decision. 4.2 Customer is the King Repeat business from customers is important to maintain profitability. It has been proven that, repeat business accounts for around 70% of the total business in most of the established companies. Customer delight should be the focus. Offer something to the customer, which not only exceeds his expectations but also goes even beyond it. E.g. Special features in a software application/product in line with the customer requirements. Infosys receives 85% of its revenues from its existing customers. This is what we can call as a â€Å"Customer focused capabilities† which Infosys has built over a period of time. Customer delight can also be achieved by actually sending out people on the field and spending time with the customers to find out their requirements, the value they put on the product or service offered by the company, their level of satisfaction with the quality and other suggestions they can offer to better our product. This strategy was recently adopted by Hindustan Lever Ltd. with their â€Å"feel the pulse† drive. 4.3 Human Resource 4.3.1 Talent Retention At the outset, we have shown that recession and growth form a continuous circle. Therefore, it is imperative for companies to resist the temptation of cutting costs through retrenchment, as it sows the problem of rehiring professionals when the economy turns around. Instead, companies should encourage their employees to accept pay-cuts, and cross- train them so as to equip them with the necessary skills that will help the company take advantage of the opportunities that arise once the situation improves. Many companies that want to cut costs during recession adopt the policy of downsizing. A vast number of talented professionals are thus available for recruitment. Managers can take advantage of this favorable situation by recruiting these professionals after thoroughly interviewing them, thus testing their competency levels, attitudes, and the organizational culture fit. 4.3.2 Miscellaneous Actions Companies can resort to cross-train people in view of the opportunities that can come up after the recession is over. This is more like doing an investment in hope of better time to come In case of situations that warrant stopping the production, companies can ask the employees to take unpaid leaves or giving extended weekends. Lucent has adopted this strategy. It can have a downside to it by way of loosing talented employees because of employees getting demoralized. Offering additional perks to those who can get in more business can motivate employees. This can be mainly applicable to the marketing and sales force. Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric Co. called pay freezes â€Å"the worst crime of management† and underscored his long-held belief in a meritocracy approach that consistently rewards the top 20% of employees and dismisses the bottom 10%. While he was CEO at GE, Welch said, 75% of his time was spent â€Å"evaluating people† and raising the company's intellectual capital â€Å"through candid evaluations.† 5 Conclusion: Economic Downturn is a phenomenon that occurs at different spheres of the society and attracts a lot of attention from the corporate world, the policy makers and of course the common man. The strategies to set things right are also decided at various levels and encompass a wide range of actions. Above study consists of observing typical industry response to downturn, conducting primary research through surveys and analyzing the data and secondary research through analyzing reports and news available in business journals and internet research groups like Gartner, Meta group etc.

Sir James Clark Ross and Sir John Ross essays

Sir James Clark Ross and Sir John Ross essays Explorers Sir John Ross and Sir James Clark Ross Two notorious explorers from the 1800s are Sir John Ross and Sir James Clark Ross. These two explorers are known for their expeditions in the Arctic. Sir John Ross, a Scottish explorer, was born on June 24, 1777. He is recognized as the first explorer to reach the Earth's magnetic north pole. Age of nine, he joined the Royal Navy and served in the Napoleonic wars. His Arctic career were made up of two naval expeditions in search of the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and one unsuccessful attempt to find the lost explorer Sir John Franklin expedition to discover the North West Passage. His first expedition in search of the Northwest Passage in 1818 was unsuccessful. Between 1829 and 1833 he went along the East Side of the Boothia Peninsula and recorded the coast as far as Kull Island. In the west, they explored the coasts of King William Island between Cape Norton and Victory Point, finding and naming Cape Jane Franklin and Franklin Point. He also traveled along the coasts of Matty Island and recorded the West Coast of the Boothia Peninsula between Cape Porter and Cape Nicholas. In 1833, his ship hit an iceberg and was rescued. On his map of the Boothia Peninsula, Ross had drawn an isthmus "closing" Rae Strait between King William Island and Boothia. This has led some people to believe that this error may have led to the disastrous outcome of explorer John Franklin's voyage in 1846. Ross final voyage to the Arctic to find Sir John Franklin was in 1850-51. Later on Sir John Ross wrote two books describing his search for the Northwest Passage. Sir John Ross served as British consul in Stockholm, London from 1839 to1846. He died in London in 1856. Sir James Clark Ross, nephew of Sir John Ross, was born on April 15, 1800. He was a British explorer and naval officer who went on missions to both the Arctic and the co...

Digital manipulation essays

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