Security Concerns Identified in the IOT-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Various Security Concerns Identified in the IOT. Answer: Introduction: The IoT or Internet of Things is the inter-networking of various items like buildings, vehicles, physical devices. These are embedded with network connectivity, actuators, sensors, software or electronics that enable the objects to gather and exchange information (Xu, Wendt and Potkonjak 2014). From the perspective of security the IoT has not been flawless. Various security concerns identified in the IoT are analyzed in this essay. The essay describes the reason for security issues in IoT. The various kinds of security problems are identified. Then they are described and compared. Lastly a sophisticated technique is proposed to resolve the issues. Body: The IoT security has been the sector of endeavor concerning with the safeguarding of the connected networks and devices in IoT. Every computer is hackable. This contains much to do with the market of computers as it has been doing with technologies. Everyone prefers their software to be inexpensive and full of features. This has been at the expense of reliability and security (Li and Da Xu 2017). For instance, a computer affecting the security of Facebook is notably a market failure. The industries have been filled with many market failures that have gone unnoticed till the present days. As the computers have been permeating the homes, business, cars and so on the market failures has not been tolerable no longer. The only resolution has been the regulation foisted on the people by the government desperate in doing something at the face of the disaster. The fundamental problem regarding IoT has been rising due to the concept of networking appliances and various other objects are new relatively. The security is not always included in designing products. The IoT products have been commonly sold with the unpatched and old embedded operating software and systems (Barreto et al. 2016). Moreover, the purchasers have been often failing to alter the default passwords on the smart devices. However, as they change them, they fail to select the strong passwords sufficiently. One of the common security issues for IoT security arising in the current age is regarding the hardware problems. From the very starting of the hardware of the IoT is a problem. With every sudden interest and hype in the chipmakers of IoT devices like Intel and ARM have been reinforcing their processors for further protection with every latest generation. However the realistic scene has not seemed to ever destroy the security gap. The problems have been that the modern arc hitecture of chips has been made particularly for IoT devices (Ren et al. 2014). Thus the prices have been going up and making them costly. Moreover, the complicated design has been requiring more power battery that has been an obvious challenge for the IoT applications. The IoT devices that are wearable and affordable have not been using that kind of chips. This indicates that there has been the necessity for better approach. Some of the existing approaches to resolve the security problems are explained hereby. The most effective way to minimizing the challenges of hardware security regarding IoT has been to possess he stringent framework for testing in place. For the secured testing of hardware one of the top picks are the device range. The coverage network of IoT device has been paramount. The organizations need to be much specific about the range metrics of the device or application (Mahmoud et al. 2015). For example of the Zigbee technology is used for empowering the network of the device, the repeaters are needed to be calculated. These repeaters are needed under the establishment for providing the communication range for the device. However any number of repeaters cannot be put blindly as with the rising number of repeaters the systems capacity reduces (Guo et al. 2016). Thus the testing of device range would enable to seek the sweet spot whether the range can be maximized without reaching breaking point. The next resolution is the capacity and latency. The capacity refers to the bytes per second handling speed of the network. The latency on the other hand points to the entire tike duration taken to transfer data between the endpoints of the applications. The developers have been always looking for the ways for increasing the latency and capacity of their applications of IoT for improving the performance (Hossain et al. 2016). The problem has been both the factors have been inversely proportionate and enhancing one degrades the. For this the data intensive applications and devices are to be tested thoroughly for capacity and latency balance. The next one is the manufacturability next. It has been seldom that the IoT device is built from the scratch of the individuals. Maximum time the module and components are been used that manufactured by the application. To test the modules for proper functioning has been very crucial. The manufacturers have been always doing the testing of assembl y line on their end. However that should also be verified (Gou et al. 2013). Moreover as all the modules are pit together on the board testing has been needed for making sure that there have been no errors that are introduced due to wiring and soldering. The manufacturability testing has been required for making sure that the application has been working as it has been expected to. Figure 1: The IoT security threat map (Source: Beechamresearch.com, 2017) Regarding effectiveness the IoT has been presenting huge opportunities of business for every market virtually. To resolve the problems regarding security the physical objects could be connected with the back end systems related to each other using the internet protocols. The door has to be opened for smart analytics. They must be energy efficiency, cost savings, predictive maintenance and the capability of offering more customized solutions and products effectively. As per as the cost is considered, the example of clothing manufacturing getting connected to the ordering system of customer could be considered. Rather producing loads and loads of items in set colors and sizes, the manufacturer could produce cloths on the basis of the particular details of the customer orders. This has been helping to cut the costs as they have not been producing clothes that no one have been asking for or the dead inventory (Lesjak, Hein and Winter 2015). As the customization rises the values to the cl ients and could effectively let the manufacturer increase the price points and differentiate from the competitors. The scopes could be applied to limitless other markets. The improved technique or method for defending the security issue of IoT is to implement Microsoft Azure. The Azure IoT has been supporting the latest security hardware for strengthening the IoT security. Azure IoT have been supporting DICE or Device Identity Composition Engine and various other types of HSMs or Hardware Security Modules. The DICE has been a standard at TCG or Trusted Computing Group for device attestation and identification that enable the manufactures for using silicon gates for creating device identification on the basis of making security hardware, hardware of DNA of latest devices from ground ups (Phls et al. 2014). The HSMs have been the core security technology used for identities of securing devices and delivering the advanced functionality like the device attestation based on hardware and the zero touch provisions. Moreover the Azure IoT team has been working with the standards major industry partners and organizations for employing the new in best practices in security for deploying support for a huge range of varieties of HSMs. The HSM has been offering resilient and resistant hardware basis of trust in the IoT devices. The Azure IoT transparency of platform has been integrating HSM support with the platform services such as the Azure IoT Hub Device Management and Azure IoT Hub Device Provisioning. Thus it enables the developers and customers in focusing more over recognizing particular risks regarding with the application and lesser on the tactics of security deployment. The IoT device deployment could be autonomous, remote and pen to the treats such as displacement, tampering and spoofing. In such cases the HSMs have been offering a important defense-layer for raising trust in privacy, confidentiality, integrity, authentication and many more (Halak, Zwolinski and Mispan 2016). The Azure IoT group has been grouping directly with the primary HSM manufacturers to enable easy access to a broad variety of the HSMs for accommodating risks regarding deployment specific for the developers and customers. Figure 2: Azure IoT suite (Source: Azure.microsoft.com, 2017) The effectiveness of the software lies in the fact that the Azure IoT team has been leveraging the open standards for developing the best practices for robust and secure deployments. One of those kinds of standards has been the DICE or Device Identity Composition Engine from the TCG or Trusted Computing Group that has been offering the scalable framework of security requiring minimum footprint of HSM for anchoring trust from which for building numerous security solutions such as secure, authentication and the remote attestation. The DICE has been the response to the latest reality of the constraint computing that has been consistently characterizing the IoT devices (Dofe, Frey and Yu 2016). The minimalist approach has been the alternate path towards more traditional framework standards such as the TCG or Trusted Computing Group. This has been offering a framework for scalable security that needed the minimum HSM footprint for anchoring tryst to create numerous solutions of security like remote attestation, secure boost and authentication. The DICE has been the response against the latest reality of the constraint computing continually characterizing the IoT devices. The minimalist kind of approach of it has been the alternate path for more traditional standards of security framework such as the TPM and TCG that has also supported on Azure platform IoT (Syed and Lourde 2016). The security journey has been the one, upon which the IoT team has been committed consistently helping the developers and customers to navigate in achieving the greatest confidence and trust to secure their deployments in IoT. This has involved the supporting of a broad range of security and security standards based on hardware for securing the hardware root to trust for the IoT devices. Conclusion: The security solution to use Azure IoT discussed above must be implemented strictly for assuring the proper functioning of IoT hardware with safety. The technologies of IoT have been still immature for a wide extent and little paranoid about their protection are indeed useful. Before starting with the development of any application, it is mandatory to research and aware as much as possible. There should always be the tradeoffs present and the developer should always be bewaring of the threats. The security beaches are bound to occur almost and the organizations must always be ready with the exit plan. This would help to secure maximum information during any attack. References: Azure.microsoft.com. (2017).Azure IoT Suite | Microsoft Azure. [online] Available at: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/suites/iot-suite/ [Accessed 5 Aug. 2017]. Barreto, L., Celesti, A., Villari, M., Fazio, M. and Puliafito, A., 2016. Security and IoT Cloud Federation: Design of Authentication Schemes. InInternet of Things. IoT Infrastructures: Second International Summit, IoT 360 2015, Rome, Italy, October 27-29, 2015. Revised Selected Papers, Part I(pp. 337-346). Springer International Publishing. Beechamresearch.com. (2017).IoT Security Threat Map :: Beecham Research. [online] Available at: https://www.beechamresearch.com/download.aspx?id=43 [Accessed 5 Aug. 2017]. Dofe, J., Frey, J. and Yu, Q., 2016, May. Hardware security assurance in emerging IoT applications. InCircuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2016 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 2050-2053). IEEE. Gou, Q., Yan, L., Liu, Y. and Li, Y., 2013, August. Construction and strategies in IoT security system. InGreen Computing and Communications (GreenCom), 2013 IEEE and Internet of Things (iThings/CPSCom), IEEE International Conference on and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing(pp. 1129-1132). IEEE. Guo, Z., Karimian, N., Tehranipoor, M.M. and Forte, D., 2016, May. Hardware security meets biometrics for the age of iot. InCircuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2016 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 1318-1321). IEEE. Halak, B. and Zwolinski, M., 2016. Hardware-based security solutions for the Internet of Things using physical unclonable functions. Halak, B., Zwolinski, M. and Mispan, M.S., 2016, October. Overview of PUF-based hardware security solutions for the internet of things. InCircuits and Systems (MWSCAS), 2016 IEEE 59th International Midwest Symposium on(pp. 1-4). IEEE. Hossain, M.S., Muhammad, G., Rahman, S.M.M., Abdul, W., Alelaiwi, A. and Alamri, A., 2016. Toward end-to-end biomet rics-based security for IoT infrastructure.IEEE Wireless Communications,23(5), pp.44-51. Lesjak, C., Hein, D. and Winter, J., 2015, November. Hardware-security technologies for industrial IoT: TrustZone and security controller. InIndustrial Electronics Society, IECON 2015-41st Annual Conference of the IEEE(pp. 002589-002595). IEEE. Li, S. and Da Xu, L., 2017.Securing the Internet of Things. Syngress. Mahmoud, R., Yousuf, T., Aloul, F. and Zualkernan, I., 2015, December. Internet of things (iot) security: Current status, challenges and prospective measures. InInternet Technology and Secured Transactions (ICITST), 2015 10th International Conference for(pp. 336-341). IEEE. Phls, H.C., Angelakis, V., Suppan, S., Fischer, K., Oikonomou, G., Tragos, E.Z., Rodriguez, R.D. and Mouroutis, T., 2014, April. RERUM: Building a reliable IoT upon privacy-and security-enabled smart objects. InWireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), 2014 IEEE(pp. 122-127). IEEE. Ren, K., Samarati, P., Gruteser, M., Ning, P. and Liu, Y., 2014. Guest Editorial Special Issue on Security for IoT: The State of the Art.IEEE Internet of Things Journal,1(5), pp.369-371. Syed, A. and Lourde, R.M., 2016, December. Hardware Security Threats to DSP Applications in an IoT Network. InNanoelectronic and Information Systems (iNIS), 2016 IEEE International Symposium on(pp. 62-66). IEEE. Xu, T., Wendt, J.B. and Potkonjak, M., 2014, November. Security of IoT systems: Design challenges and opportunities. InProceedings of the 2014 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design(pp. 417-423). IEEE Press.

Management Practices in the Navy

Table of Contents Planning Leading Organizing Staffing Controlling Conclusion Reference List The Navy is one of the arms of the armed forces charged with protecting national interests against external aggression. Militaries worldwide are known for their rigid and strict management structures. This purpose of the strictness is to ensure that all members of the forces observe discipline. This paper reviews how the Navy handles planning, leading, organizing, staffing, and controlling functions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Practices in the Navy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Planning In management terms, planning refers to the activities undertaken to determine priorities and to allocate resources. Apart from the well-known military leadership style, management scholars also recognize the contribution of the military to the discipline of strategic planning. Strategic planning arose when militarie s found it necessary to develop long-term plans for prolonged military campaigns. In the Navy, several types of plans exist depending on the level of command handling it. Decisions to go to war or to carry out aggressive or defensive maneuvers are made centrally at the highest level of military command. The approval to go to war is only the first step for military planners. At the high command, military strategists develop engagement options and determine the level of troop deployments needed for specific campaigns. These decisions are then communicated down the ranks for implementation. The nature of the work of the Navy makes it impossible to use consultative decision-making models. Once the high command issues orders, the lower level officers have no option but to implement the orders.  At the unit level, unit commanders have the duty of making tactical plans to achieve the overall aims of a specific military exercise. They make decisions based on the prevailing circumstances t o ensure that the soldiers under them fulfill the commands of the superiors. At the level of the individual soldier, planning is essentially a matter of personal management to ensure readiness for service whenever called upon. Unit commanders may consult with soldiers before issuing orders, just like the high command usually consults with unit commanders before decisions are made, but never after orders are issued. Leading While the debate on the difference between management and leadership rages on, it is clear that the military needs leadership as much as it needs management. Leadership usually involves skills like defining a vision, motivating followers, and acquiring resources to meet the demands of the vision. In this regard, the Navy has a formalized leadership structure.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organizational structure of the Navy is hierarchical. Everyone reports to his or her immediate superior all the way to the top commanders.  Top commanders usually do the casting of vision in the Navy. Top commanders usually outline the objectives of a military exercise in addresses to troops. This allows all soldiers along the ranks to understand the purpose of any commands that they receive from the high command. In addition, it prepares the troops psychologically to participate in the exercise.  Soldiers need motivation to ensure that their morale remains high during wars. Morale plays a key role in the operations of the Navy. In this regard, it is normal for senior officers to visit troops who are due for deployment to motivate them. In situations of widespread war, the top Navy commanders regularly visit troops who are due for deployment to motivate them. The third aspect of leadership in the military is maintaining discipline. No military outfit can exist as a functional unit without discipline. Enforcement of discipline is devolved d own the ranks, with superior officers taking charge of disciplinary issues affecting their immediate charges. In severe cases, soldiers face a court-martial if their activities break the military code of service. Organizing Organization is a very complex aspect of the management of the Navy. The Navy originally fought only in the water on battleships. Battleships are still a central part of the Navy’s arsenal but the arsenal is now much larger. In fact, the Navy is capable of fighting a full battle without any support from the Army or the Air Force. The Navy has airbases, aircraft carriers, and barracks on the mainland. The introduction of airplanes to naval warfare arose from the flexibility that planes added to the strategic efforts of battleships. It was easy to send a plane ahead to scout for enemy ships in order to plan an attack. The planes also served as bombers because they could drop bombs on enemy ships with a high degree of accuracy and speed, but will very low cas ualties. It takes considerable effort to organize a war effort. Whole industries exist to supply the Navy with the provisions needed to be ready for war at all times. These provisions include armament, and allied equipment. It also includes items such as food, medical supplies, and naval fatigues, among others. The Navy has very many professionals in its ranks. These professionals include logisticians and statisticians, as well as project management professionals. They form a very important component of naval organization because they ensure that all supplies reach the Navy in time to keep the entire fighting force ready for war.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Management Practices in the Navy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The organization of the soldiers follows the chain of command. High-level commanders issue orders and the officers down the ranks implement the orders. Each officer plans and organizes his unit by acquiring the supplies needed to execute the orders from the top commanders. Staffing Staffing in the Navy is a very critical aspect of its existence. Luckily, the supply of potential candidates always outstrips the demand for them, except during wartime. The last time that there was a huge demand for naval officers was during the Second World War. Since then, it has been possible to join the Navy and later retire without seeing combat. The Navy uses a very strict recruitment process to hire soldiers and other officers. The Navy receives written requests from interested persons who want to join military service. The recruitment officers then determine which of the candidates that have applied meet the minimum standards for recruitment. It then invites them for a series of evaluations that culminates in recruitment. The stages include a recruitment test, an interview, medical tests, and fitness tests. These tests ensure that a new recruit has numeracy and literacy skills as w ell as the physical profile needed for effective service in the Navy. In recent years, it has become necessary to carry out security screening of recruits because of the increased terror activities in the world. The background checks help to deter terrorists from becoming naval officers in disguise. The process described above covers the recruitment of soldiers. However, the Navy needs a wide range of [professional such as doctors, engineers, and logisticians. The Navy recruits some of these professionals after they have acquired the professional qualifications, and it trains some of them internally. The basic recruitment requirements usually apply with some variations to account for the time spent in other careers. Controlling Control is a very critical aspect of management because it ensures that an organization remains in good shape to operate. The main function of control in an organization is to enforce the prudent use of resources.  In the Navy, resources that require strict controls include time, armament, soldiers, among others. The control of arms that are in the custody of the Navy is very critical to ensure that all soldiers have the weapons they need, whenever a need arises. The control of the availability and use of weapons also ensures that the weapons do not fall into the wrong hands.  Time is a very precious resource within the Navy and in all fighting groups. The ability to deploy rapidly can mean the difference between averting an enemy attack, and losing a battle. The Navy, as well as other armed forces, has strict time management standards.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The control of soldiers is also a very crucial aspect of management in the Navy. A fighting unit is a group. This makes it susceptible to the negative effects of group dynamics. Therefore, naval officers take time to ensure that soldiers under their charge are disciplined and ready to take orders at all times. The control methods used include placing restrictions on travel, social activities, and general conduct of soldiers both within naval facilities and within the wider community. Conclusion The Navy is a very good example of the military leadership style. The cardinal value of military management is efficiency. The five functions of management reviewed in this paper shows that the Navy uses its resources to ensure that it is ready as a unit to respond to any demand for its services. Reference List Flannes, S., Levin, G. (2005). Essential People Skills for Project Managers. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts. Kerzner, H. (2010). Project Management : Best Practices: Achieving Global Excellence (2nd Edition). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Mahadevan, P. (2009). Operations Management: Theory Practice. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Mamoria, C. B., Gankar, S. S. (2009). Textbook of Human Resource Management. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House. Patel, V., Rana, G. (2007). Personnel Management. Jaipur, Ind: Global Media. This essay on Management Practices in the Navy was written and submitted by user Elle Spears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

in the creation essays

in the creation essays How often has it been that you create a New Years resolution, only to end up breaking it within a month? Did you know that only 1 out of 10 people in the United States actually follow through with their New Years resolution, and that this can probably be attributed to poor goal setting? Fact: Personal goals are supposed to be the easiest to follow through on. So how do you set goals properly in order to reach an achievement? And if personal goals are the easiest to follow through with, how do major corporations, which set insane goals yearly (like doubling profits) almost always manage to reach their targets, which can require organizing the achievements of hundreds or even thousands of people? By setting goals properly. By setting goals the right way enacting on them is easier. To more fully explore this, we will; I. Look at reasons for goal setting II. Look at a models for feedback III. Define the parts which make up the whole. I. In the co-operation of people into vital 1. Goals guide 2. Goals provide challenges 3. Goals serve as a source of legitimacy =* Provide framework 4. Define an organizations structure =* Determining relations of: II. With much insight and analysis, models of checks and balances have been created to insure proper goal setting. Through these models, when an organization falls short of its goals, a feedback system exists which more accurately defines points that are problematic. By allowing a comparison between present performance and what is required for the goal achievement. Furthermore by creating these models of goal setting, outlines of proper organizational behavior are created. By showing what is necessary in human interaction for business vita...

Research Eosin Y with and without Phloxine B Reagents Paper

Eosin Y with and without Phloxine B Reagents - Research Paper Example The physical and chemical properties differ from one isomer to another. The highest melting point is 13.260C (55.870F) for p-xylene and the least is -47.870C (-54.170F) for m-xylene. All isomers have a boiling point around 1400C (2850F). In respect to density, all isomers have a density of around 0.87 g/ml that is less than dense water. In air, one can smell xylene at a concentration of 0.08 to 3.7 ppm while at water one can taste it at 0.53 to 1.8 ppm. In terms of appearance, xylene is a colourless and clear. The compounds related to xylene include benzene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene and toluene. Xylene is practically insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents like the aromatic hydrocarbons (Pujado and Jones, 2006). According to Avery (2008) xylene, is commonly used in a histology lab for cleaning purposes. In the histology lab, technicians apply xylene for the purposes of tissue processing, deparaffinised and cover-slipping. It is termed as the best cleaning agent in a histology lab. It is applied before the infiltrating tissue in the cleaning process. To infiltrate a tissue peace with water, paraffin and alcohol must be removed. By removing, first, dehydration of tissues fixed with aqueous fixation is done by placing it through different alcohols starting from 50 % to 100 % through 70 %, 80 % and 95 %. After dehydrating the tissues, it must be cleaned using Histo-Grade Xylene form alcohol. After completion of this process, the infiltration of the tissue with paraffin can be done. Xylene can also be used in lab to prepare cover-slipping slides. The slides that are stained cannot be cover-slipped until the removal of water takes place. In order to dehydrate the water slide, the stained slide is placed into alcohol. After that the stained slide is placed into xylene in order to remove alcohol. After completion of this

Making a fair decision when bias is held on a subject Essay

Making a fair decision when bias is held on a subject - Essay Example Self-regulation, according to Gilovich, Griffin, & Kahneman (2002) refers to a sitaution where a person or organization adheres to issues as regarding legal, ethical or th standards of safety instead of having outside factors determining the decision making process. That is to say that an action odf decision must have a situational setting. The situational setting has basic rules and laws that determine the required end point in which case there is a strong positive out turn on the issue. As much as self-regulation has its level of conflict of interest, it is worth noting that there are no perfect decisions and each decision follows laid down rules (Starzak, 2012). Moreover, the aspect of self regulation considers wider perspectives from the individual to organizational level. However, there are also situation in which a group or individuals are thriving in unethical situations (Rezende, 2009). Consider the aspect of a bureacucratic society. If the society is asked to eliminate such, it may consider eliminating the respective unethical aspects witnessed as opposed to the ideal behaviour on the whole. That is a short run perspective (Starzak, 2012). Avoiding the issue of regulatory capture is an effective way of developing fair decision making (Rezende, 2009). The regulatory capture would consider that there are situations in which individuals with high stakes would want to advance their interests at the expense of the vast majority who have low stakes in the matter.

Causes of the Afghan Civil War

Causes of the Afghan Civil War Mohammad Haseeb Daudzai Who destroyed Kabul? The Afghan Civil War which started in 1989 and ended in 1992 was one of the bloodiest and most destructive wars in Afghan history. This war had two phases. The first phase was fought between the Afghan government and the Mujahedeen, and the second phase was fought between different parties of the Mujahedeen. The Afghan Civil War which resulted in more than 100,000 deaths and the destruction of Kabul was caused by various factors some of which were: Afghan people, Afghanistan’s economy, Afghan politicians and foreign involvement. First of all, Afghanistan is a multicultural country with more than ten ethnic groups and more than thirty languages. Afghans have some differences in their culture, too. The majority of Afghans follow either of the two schools of fiqh (schools of Islamic law) namely Jafari and Hanafi. The literacy rate is also very low in Afghanistan. These cultural differences, religious issues and low literacy rate make racism a common phenomenon amongst the people and it’s very easy for anyone to provoke a war in Afghanistan. In 1992, racists from different ethnic groups started inviting their ethnic groups to fight against other ethnic groups, so they could gain power in Afghanistan. The economy of Afghanistan was very weak in 1989 when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was leaving Afghanistan. Unemployment reached its peak. Although Dr. Najibullah planned different strategies for making a stable economy in Afghanistan, but because gas wells were under the control of the Mujahedeen, the government was completely dependent on the USSR aid, hence most of those strategies failed. As a result of unemployment, people started starving in some parts of Kabul, so they started protesting against the government in Kabul. These protests gave the Mujahedeen a good excuse for attacking Kabul which marked the first phase of the Afghan Civil War. Back in 1980s when the USSR had full control of Afghanistan, eight parties were formed in opposition to the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) which was directly supported and under the influence of the Soviet Union. All these eight parties called themselves Mujahedeen (Holy warriors). These parties fought against the USSR for nine years. After nine years of fighting in Afghanistan, the USSR lost the war to the Mujahedeen and were forced to withdraw their forces from Afghanistan. In 1989, before leaving Afghanistan, the USSR selected Dr. Najibullah to be the president of Afghanistan after they left. Dr. Najibullah was a member of the PDPA, hence his government was not acceptable to the Mujahedeen and they continued to fight, which provoked a civil war between Afghan army and the Afghan Mujahedeen. More than 20,000 Afghans were killed in this first phase of the Afghan Civil War. In 1992 Dr. Najibullah resigned from his position. Afghan warlords knew Dr. Najib would finally resign and every one of them wanted to take his place so they organized a gathering in Peshawar, Pakistan. This gathering resulted in forming a new government and a cabinet which was supposed to take power after Dr. Najibullah resigned. Additionally, Ahmad Shah Masood formed a supervising council known as Shura e Nazar, which was composed of 120 military generals from different parts of northern Afghanistan, to supervise the activities of the upcoming government. In 1992, the new government gained full control of Kabul and major parts of Afghanistan. Sibghatullah Mujadeedi was appointed as the new president of Afghanistan, but due to his poor leadership skills he was soon replaced by Burhanuddin Rabbani. Rabbani was a member of Shura e Nazar and except Tajik warlords no one wanted him to be the President of Afghanistan. After a month, the second and bloodiest phase of the Afghan Civil War began. More than 50,000 civilians were killed only in Kabul and it was divided into di fferent parts, each part controlled by a different party. As an example Kart e Parwan district was controlled by Ahmad Shah Masood’s forces and only Tajik people lived there, Taimani district was controlled by Abdul Ali Mazari’s forces and only Hazara people lived there and if anyone from Kart e Parwan dared to go to Taimani or vice versa, the opposite party would kill him. After two months of Rabbani’s government the Mujahedeen started firing rockets across the streets of Kabul as result no one was safe anywhere in Kabul. Meanwhile Gulbudin Hekmatyar, who was supported by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, wanted to be the president of Afghanistan, hence he started fighting the government and Abdul Ali Mazari joined him. The Civil War in Afghanistan was part of the Cold War. According to George Crile, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) launched Operation Cyclone to fund the Mujahedeen against the USSR. In 1980 the amount of these funds reached $30 million per year and in 1987 this amount rose to $630 million per year. The CIA also provided weapons including Type-56 rifles and FIM-92 stingers to the Mujahedeen. The first stinger which proved to be a very effective weapon, was launched in 1986 near Jalalabad by the Mujahedeen, hence 500 additional stingers were provided to the Mujahedeen by the CIA. Pakistan also started supporting the Mujahedeen which resulted in the USSR providing additional AK 47s to the Afghan army. The USSR also provided more than 2500 SCUD missiles to the Afghan government. Dr. Najibullah used the SCUDs against Pakistan and gave the AK 47s to the Afghan army. Hundreds of missiles were fired on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan as a response to Pakistan’s suppo rt of the Mujahedeen and the US weapons supplies to the Mujahedeen that came through Pakistan. In 1992, Dr. Najibullah resigned. Dr. Najib’s resignation marked the end of the first phase of the Afghan Civil War. Pakistan continued supporting Gulbudin Hekmatyar against the Afghan government and asked him to keep fighting against the government till he gained full power in Kabul and replaced Rabbani. Saudi Arabia also started supporting Hekmatyar. The second phase of the War began after Hekmatyar started shelling Kabul. Relations between Shura e Nazar and General Abdul Rasheed Dostom who now had the full support of Uzbekistan, had soured and Dostom had to leave Kabul. After leaving Kabul, Dostom started shelling Kabul from the gates of Kabul. More than 50,000 civilian were killed in Kabul in blind shelling (1) (also called rockety koor ([blind rockets]). To conclude, during these two phases of the Afghan civil war, which lasted from 1989 to 1992, more than 100,000 Afghans were killed, thousands of Kabul citizens were injured and lost their homes and nothing was seen in Kabul except bombarded buildings and signs of different weapons used during the war. The Afghan Civil war was caused by four major factors, the Afghan people, Afghan economy, Afghan politicians and foreign powers.

A Critique of the Juliette Beck Speech -- Argumentative Persuasive Pol

A Critique of the Juliette Beck Speech Juliette Beck's speech, "Reclaiming Just and Sustainable Communities in the Age of Corporate Globalization" neither adequately described the problems of globalization as it is currently structured, nor did it provide any answers to the problems with it, either the real problems that actually exist (labor and environmental exploitation) or the problems that Beck purported (large corporations). Primarily, Beck's speech was flawed in that it was incoherent and empirical incorrect. For instance 1) it purported the idea that globalization was "not inevitable", 2) it called upon the myth of "small is beautiful", confusing the real problem with globalization (Capitalist structure) with a false problem (the scale of the Corporate in a globalized world), and 3) it was often merely incorrect in some of the ideas and statistics that it stated. Also, the speech was not true to its title (well, maybe it was in that both were basically ridden with non-sense), in that it did not give real economic or political alternatives to Corporate Globalization. First, globalization already exists. The world's economic structure is already on a global scale. Although change is possible, the idea that we can regress back into history, destroying a globalized world and making Localism over all is not only a bad idea, but a useless, silly one. Capitalism, by its nature, is acquisitive, as is also imperialism. As long as either exist (usually joint hand and hand, at least in this point of pre-history), they will seek out, with the world's wonderful technology and knowledge, the few unmolested areas left in the world. These forces, by the sheer scale that they exist on, are impossible to overthrow at local levels, a... ...cally flawed, and did not even give many localist alternatives to corporate globalization, in addition to not giving any real alternative to it. However, in spite of this, some people on campus were so inadequately informed about the reality of how globalization is being carried out that it did do some level of good. Under a constant barrage of statistics and moralistic proclamations aimed at revealing the debased practices of institutions such as the IMF and World Bank, some students did leave with a better perspective on how corporate globalization (i.e. Capitalism, if they come to identify it as such on there own) is operating and with more interest with, at the least, becoming much better informed on the issue and, at the best, even becoming involved with political and civil organizations aimed at humanizing and democratizing the process known as globalization.